Steel grades

Any craftsman working with metal products knows what a "steel grade" is. Its decoding allows you to get an idea of the chemical composition and physical parameters, which is fundamental information for creating any metal objects. Many people believe that the marking of steel, rolled metal is a complex process that requires special knowledge. However, despite the apparent complexity, it is quite simple to understand it. To do this, you only need to know the principle of its compilation and how it is classified, which our company will tell you about.

The alloy is marked with letters and numbers, which makes it possible to determine the presence of chemical elements and their volume as accurately as possible. Based on these data, as well as knowledge about how different chemicals interact with the metal base, it is possible to understand with maximum accuracy what technical properties belong to a certain steel grade.

Varieties of steels and features of marking

Steel is an iron—carbon alloy, the amount of which does not exceed 2.14%. The carbon component is necessary to achieve hardness, but it is extremely important to monitor its concentration. If it exceeds the figure of 2.2%, then the metal will become very brittle, which will make it almost impossible to work with it.

By adding any alloying elements, the necessary characteristics can be achieved. It is with the help of a combination of the type and volume of additives that brands are obtained that have the best mechanical properties, resistance to corrosion. Of course, it is possible to improve quality indicators through heat treatment, but the use of alloying additives significantly accelerates this process.

The basic classification features are the following indicators.

• Chemical composition.

• Appointment.

• Quality.

• Structure.

• The degree of deoxidation.What the marking shows

In order to decipher this information, you do not need to have professional skills and special knowledge. Structural steel, which has the usual quality, and also does not contain alloying elements, received the "St" mark. The figure below reflects the amount of carbon. After them, the letters "KP" may be located, which notify of incomplete deoxidation in the furnace, therefore such an alloy is considered boiling. If there is no such abbreviation, then he is considered a calm type.

Marking and classification of steel by chemical composition

As mentioned earlier, one of the main divisions of this material is based on its chemical composition. The basic components of the material are reinforced concrete and carbon (its concentration is less than 2.14%). Based on the concentration and proportions of the additives used, the volume of iron accounts for at least half.

Based on the carbon content level, steel products are divided.

1. Low—carbon - carbon not more than 0.25%.

2. Medium—carbon - from 0.25 to 0.6%.

3. High—carbon - from 0.6%.

An increase in the carbon component contributes to an increase in metal hardness, but at the same time reduces its strength. To improve the operation of alloys, various chemical elements are added to them, after which they turn into alloy steels. They come in three types.

1. Low—alloyed - the volume of additives is less than 2.5%.

2. Average—alloyed - 2.5-10%.

3. High—alloyed - can reach 50%.

Steel grade	With%	S=	P=
St 0	=0,23	0,07	0,055
St 1	0,06-0,12	0,045	0,055
St 2	0,09-0,15	0,045	0,055
Article 3	0,14-0,22	0,045	0,055
St 4	0,18-0,27	0,045	0,055
St 5	0,28-0,37	0,045	0,055
Article 6	0,38-0,49	0,045	0,055
St 7	0,50-0,62	0,045	0,055

By appointment

Marking designations for steel, metals and alloys.

• Construction — low-alloy, has good weldability. The main purpose is to create building elements.

• Spring — has excellent elasticity, strength, resistance to adverse factors. It is needed when developing springs and springs.

• Bearing — is not subject to temporary wear, has a slight fluidity. It is used to assemble assemblies and bearings for various purposes.

• Stainless — high-alloy, tolerates corrosion well.

• Heat—resistant - able to function for a long time at high temperature indicators. It is used in the development of the engine.

• Instrumental — required to create tree- and metalworking items.

• High—speed - for metal-processing products.

• Cemented — it is necessary to create parts and assemblies that can be operated under heavy loads even with significant surface wear.

According to the structural criterion

The concept of "structure" includes an internal metal structure that can change significantly with the change of thermal conditions, mechanical influences. The shape and size of the grains is determined based on the composition and ratio of alloying additives, manufacturing techniques. The main grain part is a crystalline iron lattice consisting of atoms of impurities. The steel structure changes its primary characteristics with temperature jumps. Such changes are called phase, each of which exists in a clearly limited temperature regime. However, the presence of alloying additives can greatly shift the boundaries of their transition.

There are several phases.

• Austenite. Carbon atoms are located in the inner crystalline iron lattice. Its existence is possible at 1400-700 degrees. If 8-20% nickel is present here, then it can be stored at room temperature.

• Ferrite. A carbon solution having a solid form.

• Martensite. Supersaturated solution, characteristic of steel with hardening.

• Bainit. Its formation is associated with an almost instantaneous decrease in austenite to 200-500 degrees. A distinctive feature is an admixture of ferrite and iron carbide.

• Perlite. Contains an equivalent amount of ferrite and carbide. The formation is associated with a decrease in the temperature index to 727 degrees.

By quality

Deciphering the metal marking is impossible without taking into account the quality characteristics. The main influence on them is exerted by mixtures remaining during the reduction of Fe from ore concentrates. As a rule, the negative effect appears due to the presence of S and P. Based on their concentration, ordinary quality and high-quality steel are distinguished (the letter A is added). The latter category is characterized by the minimal presence of phosphorus (up to 0.025%).

By the deoxidation method

Due to smelting, a certain amount of O2 in Fe oxide remains in the steel product. To reduce its concentration and iron reduction, a deoxidation reaction is used. Its essence consists in adding compounds with a high degree of activity to the molten metal. Due to the contact of these elements, oxygen is released and a reaction with carbon (C) occurs, after which carbon dioxide (CO2) is formed, released by bubbles.

Based on the number of deoxidizers and the duration of the process, 2 types of final alloy are distinguished.

• Boiling — the output of finished products of low quality has been increased.

• Calm — passed through all the deoxidizing stages. A distinctive feature is the high quality and overpriced price, justified by the corresponding price for reagents.

• Semi—calm is an intermediate variety that has an optimal price and quality characteristics.

Marking of steels with interpretation in the table — examples according to domestic standards

The presence of standardized indicators from Russia makes it possible to determine the composition of the metal and partly the species. If the volume of steel material exceeds 1%, then its amount on the marking mark is not taken into account. It includes the letters of alloying additives, where their volume is indicated in tenths and hundredths of percentages. However, if the concentration is more than 1.5%, then the presence of letter designations is mandatory. In addition to chemical. of the composition, there are special symbols on the marking that reflect the purpose of the steel and its quality.

Foreign standards

Manufacturers of the Russian Federation and post-Soviet states use labeled methods, thanks to which it is possible to at least roughly understand the composition, purpose and technical properties without using special literature. American and European production, on the contrary, does not use this practice. This is due to the many companies that qualify for the standardization of metal products.

Most often, the countries of Europe and America do not apply a chemical composition to the outer surface, and steel varieties are characterized by letters and numbers. However, to decipher this abbreviation, reference books or other literature will be required.

Designation of products with alloying parts

In order for the marking of steels 10, 20 to fully demonstrate its technical characteristics, lettering is used for alloying additives. As a rule, Russian letters correspond to the names of elements. However, there are exceptions, since there are nuances in which there is a beginning with one letter. For a better understanding, the following table has been developed:

Designation	Chemical element	Name	Designation	Chemical element	Name
X	Cr	Chrome	A	N	Nitrogen
With	Si	Silicon	H	Ni	Nickel
T	Ti	Titan	To	Co	Cobalt
D	Cu	Copper	M	Mo	Molybdenum
In	Wo	Tungsten	B	Nb	Niobium
G	Mn	Manganese	E	Se	Selenium
F	W	Vanadium	C	Zn	Zirconium
P	B	Boron	Yu	Al	Aluminum

There are only 2 nonmetals in it — silicon and nitrogen, and there is no carbon. There is a carbon impurity in any steel variety, so the designation is necessary only for its content.

Marking by colors

This method is used to indicate rental. This is the optimal method of storing materials in warehouses and during transportation. The marks are set in the form of dots and stripes, which are made of indelible colored materials. The choice of color shade is mainly based on the purpose. At the same time, its group and degree of deoxidation are not taken into account.

Examples

Any specialist should easily determine the steel grade and its belonging to a certain type. It is almost impossible to memorize these indicators by heart, and the table is often far away at the right moment. To solve such a problem, you can use the examples below, which will be able to explain the information in more detail and clearly.

Structural steel without alloying additives is indicated as "St". The figures shown below represent carbon, which is calculated in hundredths of percentages. The marking of structural steels has several features. For example, in the 09G2C brand 0.09% of the carbon mixture, and alloying elements — a maximum of 2.5%. Similar markings 10XCND and 15XCND have differences in the volume of carbon, and the number of alloying parts is less than 1%. It is on the basis of these data that numbers are not applied after the letter designations.

Element	Designation	Chem. sign	The effect of the element on the properties of metals and alloys
Nickel	H	Ni	Giving corrosion resistance. Increased calcinability.
Chrome	X	Cr	Increased strength and fluidity.
Aluminum	Yu	Al	Multiple increase in strength.
Titan	T	Ti	Increased heat resistance and acid resistance.

20X, 30X, 50X, etc. This method indicates structural alloyed steel products with a predominant number of chromium. The figure at the beginning reflects the carbon amount in a particular alloy. Next is a digit indicating a part of the alloying element. If it is absent, then its volume will be up to 1.5%.

International similar versions of corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels

You can get acquainted with their varieties through the marking tables of steels, ferrous metals and alloys with decoding, examples posted below.

Corrosion-resistant steels

Europe (EN)	Germany (DIN)	USA (AISI)	Japan (JIS)	CIS (GOST)
1.4000	H6Sg13	4105	SUS 410 S	08X13
1.4006	X12CrN13	410	SUS 41O	12X13
1.4021	X29Cr13	(420)	SUS 420 J1	2OX13
1.4028	X39Cr13	(420)	SUS 420 J2	30X13
1.4031	X46Cr13		SUS 420 J2	40X13
1.4034	X46Cr17	(420)		40X13
1.4016	X6Cr17	430	SUS 430	12X17
1.4510	X3CrTi17	439	SUS 430 LX	08X17T
1.4301	X5CrNl18-10	304	SUS 304	08X18H10
1.4303	X4CrNi18-12	(305)	SUS 305	12X18H12
1.4306	X2CrNi19-11	304 L	SUS 304 L	03X18H11
1.4541	X6CrNiTi18-10	321	SUS 321	08X18H10T
1.4571	X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2	316 Ti	SUS 316 Ti	10X17H13M2T

Жаропрочные марки

Европа (EN)	Германия (DIN)	США (AISI)	Япония (JIS)	СНГ (GOST)
1.4878	X12CrNiTi18-9	321 H		12X18H10T
1.4845	X12CrNi25-21	310 S		20X23H18

Быстрорежущие марки

Марка стали		Аналоги в стандартах США
Страны СНГ ГОСТ	Евронормы
РО М2 СФ10-МП	— —	A11
Р2 М9-МП	S2-9-2 1.3348	M7
Р2 М10 К8-МП	S2-10-1-8 1.3247	M42
Р6 М5-МП	S6-5-2 1.3343	M2
Р6 М5 К5-МП	S6-5-2-5 1.3243	—
Р6 М5 Ф3-МП	S6-5-3 1.3344	М3
Р6 М5 Ф4-МП	— —	М4
Р6 М5 Ф3 К8-МП	— —	М36
Р10 М4 Ф3 К10-МП	S10-4-3-10. 1.3207	—
R6 M5 F3 K9-MP	— —	M48
R12 M6 F5-MP	— —	M61
R12 F4 K5-MP	S12-1-4-5 1.3202	—
R12 F5 K5-MP	— —	T15
P18-MP	— —	T1

Structural

Steel grade		Analogues in US standards
CIS countries GOST	Euronorm
10	C10E 1.1121	1010
10HGN1	10 HGN1 1.5805	—
14 HH3 M	14 NiCrMo1-3-4 1.6657	9310
15	C15 E 1.1141	1015
15G	C16 E 1.1148	1016
16HG	16 MnCr5 1.7131	5115
16XGR	16Mn CrB5 1.7160	—
16HGN	16NiCr4 1.5714	—
17 G1 S	S235J2G4 1.0117	—
17 HN3	15NiCr13 1.5752	E3310
18 HGN	18CrMo4 1.7243	4120
18 X2 H2 M	18CrNiMo7-6 1.6587	—
20	C22E 1.1151	102—

Basic assortment of stainless steel grades

CIS (GOST)	Euronorm (EN)	Germany (DIN)	USA (AISI)
03 X17 H13 M2	1.4404	X2 CrNiMo 17-12-2	316 L
03 X17 H14 M3	1.4435	X2 CrNiMo 18-4-3	—
03 X18 H11	1.4396	X2 CrNiMo 19-11	304 L
03 X18 H19 T-Y	1.4541-MOD	—	—
06 XH28 MDT	1.4503	X3 NiCrCuMoTi 27-23	—
06 X18 H11	1.4303	X4 CrNi 18-11	305 L
08 X12 T1	1.4512	X6 CrTi 12	409
08 X13	1.400	X6 Cr 13	410S
08 X17 H13 M2	1.4436	X5CrNiMo 17-13-3	316
08 X17 H13 M2 T	1.4571	X6CrNiMoTi 17-12-2	316Ti
08 X17 T	1.4510	X6 XrTi 17	430Ti
08 X18 H10	1.4301	X5 CrNi 18-10	304
08 X18 H12 T	1.4541	X6 CrNiTi 18-19	321
10 X23 H18	1.4842	X12 CrNi 2529	310S

Bearing steel

Steel grade		Analogues in US standards
CIS countries GOST	Euronorm
WX4	100Cr2 1.3592	50100
SHX15	100Cr6 1.3505	52100
WX15 SG	100CrMn6 1.3529	A 485 (2)
WX20 M	100CrMo7 1.3537	A 485 (3)

Spring-spring

Steel grade		Analogues in US standards
CIS GOST standards	Euronorm
38 C2 A	38Si7 1.5023	—
50 HGFA	50CrV4 1.8159	6150
52 HGMFA	51CrMoV4 1.7701	—
55 HS2 A	54SSlCr6 1.7102	—
55 HGA	55Cr7 1.7176	5147
60 C2 HGA	60SiCR7 1.7108	9262

Heat-resistant steel

Steel grade		Analogues in US standards
CIS GOST standards	Euronorm
10 X 2 M	10CrMo9-10 1.7380	F22
13 HMM	13CrMo4-4 1.7335	F12
14 HMPH	14MoV6-3 1.7715	-
15 M	15Mo3 1.5415	F1
17 G	17Mn4 1.0481	-
20	C22.8 1.0460	-
20 G	20Mn5 1.1133	-
20 X11 MNF	X20CrMoV12-1 1.4922	-

Decryption

In order not to encounter various difficulties in deciphering the designations, it is necessary to know not only what the marking of steel depends on, but also the classification. Certain steel categories have special marking marks. They are indicated by letters, so that you can easily understand its affiliation and approximate composition. For example:

• "Sh." This type is extremely important for the creation of bearings. After the letter there are numbers that help to understand the amount of additives;

• "K". If it is located after the first digital marks, then it can be argued that the steel is structural unalloyed, which is needed in the manufacture of vessels and steam boilers;

• "L". This prefix serves as an index of improved letter qualities;

• "U". Denotes unalloyed tool steel and is placed at the beginning;

• "R". This is a high-speed category. Immediately after the letter, a figure is applied that allows you to judge the amount of tungsten.

Certain difficulties arise when choosing a construction steel, which is indicated by the letter "C". In these types, additional letters are used: T — heat—strengthened rolled products, K - a variety resistant to corrosion, D — an alloy with a high concentration of copper.

Marking features are found in non-alloy electrical steel, which is often called pure technical iron. Their small electrical resistance is achieved due to the insignificant presence of carbon (less than 0.04%). How are ordinary quality steels marked

This type of steel is a bass material, which is necessarily present in mechanical engineering and construction metal structures. It is made from the following grades: St0, St1kp, St3kp, St1ps, St5Gps, etc. The letter combination "St" reflects the steel itself, and the numbers are the conditional number of the brand. The prefixes "ps", "kp" and "sp" reflect the degree of deoxidation. "G" is a mark about the high content of manganese. The ability to differentiate the marking marks applied to any steel product will be useful not only to specialists who need it for the implementation of professional activities, but also to ordinary people who often work with this material. Despite the fact that, at first glance, it may seem difficult to study, it is enough to spend a little time and you will be able to fully understand this topic. The acquired knowledge can be easily applied in practice, which significantly increases productivity and efficiency. This will help to avoid mistakes and make the right choice of steel that fully meets the requirements of the buyer.

Applicability of materials

Steel grade	Used for (but not only)
	Carbon Quality Structural Steel
St08kp, St10	Parts manufactured by cold stamping and cold planting, tubes, gaskets, fasteners, caps. Cemented and cyanized parts that do not require high core strength (bushings, rollers, stops, copiers, gears, friction discs)
St15, St20	Low-loaded parts (rollers, fingers, stops, copiers, axles, gears). Thin parts that work on abrasion, levers, hooks, traverses, inserts, bolts, ties, etc.
St30, St35	Parts experiencing small stresses (axles, spindles, sprockets, rods, traverses, levers, discs, shafts)
St40, St45	Parts that require increased strength (crankshafts, connecting rods, gear rings, camshafts, flywheels, gears, studs, ratchets, plungers, spindles, friction discs, axles, couplings, gear rails, rolling rolls, etc.)
St50, St55	Gears, rolling rolls, rods, bandages, shafts, eccentrics, low-loaded springs and springs, etc. Applied after quenching with high tempering and in a normalized state
St60	Parts with high strength and elastic properties (rolling rolls, eccentrics, spindles, spring rings, springs and clutch discs, shock absorber springs). Applied after quenching or after normalization (large parts)
Low-alloy thin-sheet and wide-band universal steel
09G2	For parts of welded structures made of sheets. Processed by cutting satisfactorily
09G2S	For steam boilers, apparatuses and tanks operating under pressure at temperatures from -70 to +450 °C; for critical sheet welded structures in chemical and petroleum engineering, shipbuilding. They are well welded. Processed by cutting satisfactorily
10XSND	For welded structures of chemical engineering, shaped profiles in shipbuilding, car building
15XSND	For details of wagons, construction piles, complex profiles in shipbuilding. It has increased corrosion resistance
15GF	For sheet welded structures in car building. Ensures high quality of the weld
Alloy structural steel
15X	Piston fingers, camshafts, pushrods, cardan crosspieces, valves, small parts that work under conditions of wear and friction. Well cemented
20X	Cam couplings, bushings, spindles, guide rails, plungers, mandrels, copiers, spline rollers, etc.
40X	For parts operating at medium speeds at medium pressures (gears, spindles and shafts in rolling bearings, worm shafts)
45X, 50X	For large parts operating at medium speeds at low pressures (gears, spindles, shafts in rolling bearings, worm and spline shafts). They have high strength and viscosity
38HA	For gears operating at medium speeds at medium pressures
45G2, 50G2	For large low-loaded parts (spindles, shafts, gears of heavy machines)
18HGT	For parts operating at high speeds at high pressures and shock loads (gears, spindles, cam couplings, bushings, etc.)
20XGR	For heavily loaded parts operating at high speeds and shock loads
15XF	For small parts subjected to cementation and hardening with low tempering (gears, piston pins, etc.)
40HS	For small parts of high strength
40HFA	For critical high-strength parts subjected to hardening and high tempering; for medium and small parts of complex configuration operating under wear conditions (levers, pushers); for critical welded structures operating under alternating loads
35XM	For shafts, turbine parts and fasteners operating at elevated temperatures
45KHN, 50KHN	Similar to the use of 40X steel, but for larger parts
Corrosion-resistant steel
20X13, 08X13, 12X13, 25X13H2	For parts with increased plasticity exposed to shock loads; parts operating in mildly aggressive environments
30X13, 40X13, 08X18T1	For parts with increased hardness; cutting, measuring, surgical instruments, valve plates of compressors, etc. (08X18T1 steel has better stampability)
06HN28MT	For welded structures operating in aggressive environments (hot phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid up to 10%, etc.)
14X17H2	For various parts of the chemical and aviation industries. It has high technological properties
95X18	For high hardness parts operating under wear conditions
08X17T	It is recommended as a substitute for steel 12X18N10T for structures that are not exposed to shock at operating temperatures not lower than -20 °C
15X25T, 15X28	Similar to 08X17T steel, but for parts working in more aggressive environments at temperatures from -20 to 400 °C (15X28 — for glass joints)
20X13H4G9, 10X14AG15, 10X14G14NZ	Steel substitute 12X18H9, 17X18H9 for welded structures
09X15H8Y, 07X16H6	For high—strength products, elastic elements; steel 09H15N8YU - for acetic acid and salt media
08X17H5M3	For parts working in sulfuric acid media
20X17H2	For high-strength heavily loaded parts working on abrasion and impact in mildly aggressive environments
10X14G14N4T	Steel substitute 12X18N10T for parts operating in mildly aggressive environments, as well as at temperatures up to 196 ° C
12X17G9AN4, 15X17AG14, 03X16N15MZB, 03X16H15M3	For parts working in atmospheric conditions (steel substitute 12X18H9, 12X18H10T). For welded structures working in boiling phosphoric, sulfuric, 10% acetic acid
15X18H12X4TYU	For welded products working in air and aggressive environments, in concentrated nitric acid
08X10H20T2	Non-magnetic steel for parts working in seawater
04X18H10, 03X18H11, 03X18H12, 08X18H10, 12X18H9, 12X18H12T, 08X18H12T, 06X18H11	For parts operating in nitric acid at elevated temperatures
12X18H10T, 12X18H9T, 06KHN28MDT, 03HN28MDT	For welded structures in various industries. For welded structures operating at temperatures up to 80 °C in sulfuric acid of various concentrations (55% acetic and phosphoric acids are not recommended)
09H16N4B	For high-strength die-welded structures and parts working in contact with aggressive media
07H21G7AN5	For welded structures operating at temperatures up to -253 °C and in medium aggressiveness environments
03H21N21M4GB	For welded structures operating in hot phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid of low concentrations at a temperature not exceeding 80 ° C, nitric acid at a temperature up to 95 ° C
HN65MV	For welded structures operating at high temperatures in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid solutions, in acetic acid
N70MF	For welded structures operating at high temperatures in hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric acids and other reducing media
Tool alloy steel:
are used (used) for the manufacture of tools used mainly for processing metals and other materials in a cold state
Steel 9X	for cold rolling rolls, training rolls, stamps, punchers, cold-shrink dies and punches, woodworking tools
Steel 9KHVG	for threaded calibers, patterns of complex shape, complex high-precision dies for cold work, which during quenching should not undergo significant volumetric changes and warping
Steel 9XC	for drills, reamers, taps, dies, combs, machine stamps, stamps for cold work
HVG steel	for measuring and cutting tools, for which increased warping during hardening is unacceptable, threaded gauges, broaches, long taps, long reamers, dies and other special tools, cold-shrink dies and punches, technological equipment
Steel 6HV2C	for cold metal cutting knives, for threading dies, punches and crimping dies during cold work, woodworking tools during long-term work
Steel X12	for cold stamping of high resistance against evaporation (mainly with a rounded working part) that are not subjected to strong shocks and shocks, for drawing boards and rolls, eyes for calibrating bar metal for rolling threads, bending and forming dies, complex sections of body dies that should not undergo significant volumetric changes and warping during hardening, matrices and punches of cutting and cutting dies
Steel X12M	the same as for the X12 brand, but when high viscosity is required, for profiling rollers of complex shapes, sections of body dies of complex shapes, complex hole-piercing matrices when forming sheet metal, reference gears, rolling dies, lugs, dies and punches of cut-out, cutting dies with a complex configuration of working parts
Steel X12F1
Steel X12MF
Are used (are used) for the manufacture of tools used in the future by the consumer for metal processing by pressure at temperatures above 300
Steel 5KHNM	hammer dies of steam-air and pneumatic hammers with a mass of falling parts over 3 tons, press stamps and stamps of high-speed machine stamping during hot deformation of light non-ferrous alloys, matrix blocks for GCM inserts
Steel 5KHNV	for hammer dies of steam-air and pneumatic hammers with a mass of falling parts up to 3t
Steel 7X3	tools (punches, matrices) for hot-landing fasteners and blanks made of carbon and low-alloy structural steels on horizontal forging machines, stamp parts (matrices. punches, ejectors) for hot pressing and extrusion of these materials on crank presses, bending, edging and cutting dies
Steel 3X3M3F	hot deformation tools on crank presses and horizontal forging machines, subjected to intensive cooling during operation (usually for small tools), copper alloy injection molding molds, water-cooled hot cutting knives
Steel 4X5MFS	small hammer dies, large (with a cross-section of more than 200 mm) hammer and press inserts during hot deformation of structural steels and non-ferrous alloys in conditions of large-scale production, casting molds for aluminum, as well as zinc and magnesium alloys
Steel 4X5MF1C	injection molds of zinc, aluminum and magnesium alloys, hammer and press inserts (with a cross section of up to 200- 250 mm) for hot deformation of structural steels, a tool for planting blanks from alloyed structural and heat-resistant materials on horizontal forging machines
Steel 4X5V2FS
4X4VMFS steel	for tools of high-speed machine stamping, landing on HCM, inserts of dies for hot deformation of alloyed structural steels and heat-resistant alloys on hammers and crank presses; molds of injection molding of copper alloys
Steel 5X3V3MFS	for heavy-loaded pressing tools (sewing and forming punches, matrices, etc.); tools for planting on GCM and inserts of stamps of stressed structures, for hot volumetric deformation of structural steels and heat-resistant metals and alloys
Carbon tool steel. Applied (used) for (but not only):
Steel U8A	for tools working in conditions that do not cause heating of the working edge: cutters, puppies, axes, chisels, chisels, longitudinal and disc saws, knurled rollers, kerners, screwdrivers, combined pliers, side pliers
High-speed steel. Applied (used) for (but not only):
Steel P9	for the manufacture of tools of simple shape that do not require a large amount of grinding, for the processing of conventional structural materials
Steel P1 2	cutters, drills, cutters, threaded cutters, chisels, reamers, countersinks, taps, broaches for processing structural steels with a strength of up to 1000 MPa, which require the preservation of cutting properties when heated during operation up to 600 ° C
Steel P18
Steel R6M5	all types of cutting tools in the processing of conventional structural materials, as well as preferably for the manufacture of thread-cutting tools working with shock loads
Steel R6AM5
Steel R6M5F3	shaped cutters, drills, reamers, countersinks, taps, broaches, cutters, chisels, shavers for processing low- and medium-alloy steels. Tools for cold and semi-hot extrusion of alloy steels and alloys
Steel 11P3AM3F2	simple-shaped tools for processing carbon and low-alloy steels. It is recommended for the manufacture of cutting tools from sheet (cutting and slotting cutters, hacksaw blades)
Corrosion-resistant steel (stainless steel). Applied (used) for (but not only):
Steel 12X13	turbine blades, bandages, bonding wire, parts operating under corrosion conditions, pipes and other parts operating at a temperature of 450-500 ° C; parts working in atmospheric conditions, river and tap water, wet steam, aqueous solutions of salts and other mildly aggressive media
Steel 30X13	cutting, measuring tools, springs, carburetor needles, piston compressor rods, parts of internal devices of devices and other various parts that work for wear in mildly aggressive environments up to 450 ° C
Steel 40X13	cutting, measuring tools, springs, carburetor needles, household items, compressor valve plates and other parts operating at temperatures up to 400-450 ° C, as well as parts operating in corrosive environments. Corrosion-resistant martensitic grade steel
Steel 14X17H2	working blades, disks, shafts, bushings, flanges, fasteners and other parts, parts of compressor machines running on nitrous gas, parts operating in aggressive environments and at low temperatures. Corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant steel of the open-hearth ferritic class
Steel 08X18H10T	welded equipment operating in environments of increased aggressiveness (solutions of nitric, acetic acids, solutions of alkalis and salts), heat exchangers, muffles, pipes, furnace fittings, spark plug electrodes. Corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant austenitic steel
Steel 12X18H10T	parts working up to 600°C. Welded apparatuses and vessels operating in dilute solutions of nitric, acetic, phosphoric acids, solutions of alkalis and salts and other parts operating under pressure at temperatures from -196 to +600 ° C, and in the presence of aggressive media up to +350 ° C. Corrosion-resistant austenitic steel
Steel 95X18	bushings, axles, rods, ball and roller bearings and other parts that require high hardness and wear resistance and work at temperatures up to 500 °With or exposed to moderate aggressive environments. Martensitic grade corrosive steel
Structural alloy steel. Applied (used) for (but not only):
Steel 40X	axles, shafts, pinion shafts, plungers, rods, crankshafts and camshafts, rings, spindles, mandrels, rails, gear rings, bolts, axles, bushings and other improved parts of increased strength
Steel 40KHN	axles, shafts, connecting rods, gears, excavator shafts, couplings, gear shafts, spindles, bolts, levers, rods, cylinders and other critical loaded parts subjected to vibration and dynamic loads, to which requirements of increased strength and viscosity are imposed. Rolls of rail-block and large-grade mills for hot metal rolling
Steel 12 HN3A	gears, shafts, worms, cam couplings, piston pins and other cemented parts, which are subject to the requirements of high strength, ductility and viscosity of the core and high surface hardness, operating under the influence of shock loads and at subzero temperatures
Steel 20KHN3A	gears, shafts, bushings, power studs, bolts, worms, couplings and other cemented parts that require high strength, ductility and viscosity of the core and high surface hardness, operating under the influence of shock loads and at subzero temperatures
Steel 15XM	various parts operating at temperatures from -40 to 560 °C under pressure
Steel 40KHNMA	crankshafts, valves, connecting rods, connecting rod covers, critical bolts, gears, cam couplings, discs and other heavily loaded parts. Rolls for cold rolling of metals
Steel 40KHN2MA
Steel 34KHN1M	disks, shafts, rotors of turbines and compressor machines, shafts of excavators, axles and couplings, gears, half-couplings, shaft gears, bolts, power studs and other particularly responsible highly loaded parts, to which high requirements are imposed on mechanical properties and operating at temperatures up to 500 ° C
Steel 38X2H2MA	shafts, connecting rods, bolts, studs and other large especially responsible heavy-loaded parts of complex configuration used in improved condition
Steel 38KHN3MFA	the most responsible heavy-loaded parts operating at temperatures up to 400 ° C
Steel 38X2MYA	valve rods of steam turbines operating at temperatures up to 450 ° C, cylinder liners of internal combustion engines, nozzle needles, buckets plates, sprayers, fingers, plungers, distribution rollers, gears, shafts, bushings and other parts
Carbon quality steel. Applied (used) for (but not only):
Steel 20	after normalization or without heat treatment, crane hooks, couplings, bearing liners and other parts operating at temperatures from -40 to 450 ° C under pressure, after CTO - gears, worms and other parts that require high surface hardness with low core strength
Steel 30	rods, earrings, traverses, levers, shafts, sprockets, spindles, press cylinders, couplings and other parts of low strength
Steel 40	after the improvement – crankshafts, connecting rods, gear rings, flywheels, gears, bolts, axles and other parts; after surface hardening with HDPE heating - medium-sized parts that require high surface hardness and increased wear resistance with low deformation (long shafts, running rollers, gears)
Steel 45	shaft-gears, crankshafts and camshafts, gears, spindles, bandages, cylinders, cams and other normalized, improved and subjected to surface heat treatment parts that require increased strength
Steel 55	after normalization with tempering and tempering with tempering - gears, rolling rolls, rods, heavy-loaded shafts, axles, bandages, low-loaded springs and springs, ploughshares, fingers of caterpillar links, clutch gearboxes, nozzle housings and other friction parts
Ball bearing steel. Applied (used) for (but not only):
Steel WX15	plunger bushings, plungers, discharge valves, discharge valve seats, sprayer housings, pusher rollers, cams, copiers, overhead guides and other parts that require high hardness, wear resistance and contact strength, bearing rings with a wall thickness of up to 14 mm, balls with a diameter of up to 150 mm, rollers with a diameter of up to 23 mm .
Spring-spring steel. Applied (used) for (but not only):
Steel 65G	springs, springs, thrust washers, brake belts, friction discs, gears, flanges, bearing housings, clamping and feeding collets and other parts that require increased wear resistance, and parts that work without shock loads

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Literature, websites

1) Reference Materials and Grades

2) Directory of rolled metal

3) Materials Science. Solntsev Yu.P. (2007)